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讀書筆記:巴菲特的信1969年 By Jamie 濟南實習

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_9ad4e2650101mwt3.html

背景1969:美國S&P指數1969年經週期調整後的市盈率(參見為RobertJ.Shiller)為22至18倍之間(股市下跌),高於長期趨勢值16。當期PE為18倍,股利收益為3.1%,國債收益率達到近8%左右。通貨膨脹約為5.4%,名義經濟增速為8.2%。道瓊斯指數下跌-8.4%,巴菲特合夥基金清盤無業績公佈,伯克希爾哈撒韋淨資產值增加16.2%


明顯地,通貨膨脹和無風險利率是股市的巨大挑戰。。。


1969年的信有幾篇(不同月份),除了巴菲特解釋對基金的清盤方式外,以下問題是比較有意思的:


1.巴菲特的清盤理由(自己的心路歷程&對長期市場走勢的判斷)


2.對比爾.魯安的介紹


先記錄對比爾魯安的介紹:


1.We met in Ben Graham's class at Columbia University in 1951 and Ihave had considerable opportunity to observe his qualities ofcharacter,temperament and intellect since that time .


我想這句話包含了幾層意思:一是說明比爾魯安有較長的投資經驗,二是說明其使用的方法也來源於格雷厄姆,三是說明巴菲特對他很瞭解,認為其具有一個資產管理人所應具有的性格,態度和才智。


2.If Susie and I were to die while our children are minors, he isone of three trustees who have carte blanche on investmentmatters-the other two are not available for continuous investmentmanagement for all partners, large or small.

 

這種推薦是比較有力度的,這也是基金管理人選擇的一個很重要的要求,要求委託——代理雙方利益的一致性。這裡巴菲特雖然不是推薦自己,但是如果推薦一個管理人,而自己都不敢將錢投進去,那麼還有什麼力度呢?同樣的,如果管理的基金,你自己的錢都不敢投入(當然不是全部,但應該達到一定的比例),或者說你基金買的股票,你自己的錢都不敢買,這又有什麼說服力呢。


3.Bill's overall record has been very good-averaging fairly closeto BPL's, but with considerably greater variation. From 1965-1961and from 1964-1968, a composite of his individual accounts averagedover 40% per annum. However, in 1962. undoubtedly somewhat as aproduct of the euphoric expeience of the earlier years, he was downabout 50%. As he re-oriented his thinking. 1963 was aboutbreakeven. While two years may sound like a short time whenincluded in a table of performance, it may feel like a long timewhen your net worth is down 50% I think you run this sort ofshort-time risk with virtually any money manager operating instocks, and it is a factor to consider in deciding the portion ofyour capital to commit to equities.


如果假設比爾魯安的正常年份為40%,1962年為-50%,1963為0,則13年的年均復合收益率為26%。與巴菲特相比同樣的時間段,巴菲特為31.6%(總回報為26.10倍),比爾魯安為25%(總回報為14.46倍),可以看見一年巨大的虧損需要多大的努力去彌補(比爾 魯安除了1962年的巨大打擊而為,其他年份業績可為想當驚人,但結果與巴菲特還是差了一大截),但比爾魯安還是很厲害的,在那種打擊後還能重整旗鼓,據黑石的一個FOF基金經理研究,很多對沖基金經理只要出現過一年超過30%的虧損,以後的業績就會明顯相比之前的業績有一個巨大的滑坡。


4. Bill,of course, has not been in control situations or workouts,which have usually tended to moderate the swings in BPL year toyear performance。Even excluding these factors, I believe hisperformance would have been somewhat more volatile(but notnecessarily poorer, by any means )than mine.

 

這就是巴菲特的所謂分散化的優勢了,巴菲特的分散化的理解不在於股票數量的多少,而在於投資手法的多樣化,不同投資策略的投資標的的風險收益特徵是完全不同的。巴菲特對比爾魯安的判斷是十分正確的,其風格應該是非常程度的集中投資,因此容易出現大好和大壞的年份,但整體上還是傑出的管理人,以下是其70年代的業績記錄:

                        比爾魯安            道指

1971 13.5 14.3
1972 3.7 18.9
1973 -24 -14.8
1974 -15.7 -26.4
1975 60.5 37.2
1976 72.3 23.6
1977 19.9 -7.4
1978 23.9 6.4
1979 12.1 18.2
1980 12.6 32.3

     復合               14.6                 8.3

二、巴菲特對市場的判斷(其實是對股票和債券投資的判斷):

 

第一個因素是稅收的考慮,Federal income tax 稅率到了40%,使得免稅債券具有非常大的優勢。

 

第二個是從長期看,股票的收益率已經沒有太大的優勢(巴菲特強調是未來十年,而不是下個季度)。長期免稅債券的收益已經到7%左右,而對股市的預測可以分為盈利的預期和估值的估計,巴菲特預期公司價值增加大致相當於名義GDP的增長率(不高於6%),加上3%的分紅,及總回報不超過9%(假設估值不變的情況下,在通貨膨脹和無風險利率上升期,估值很難大幅上升)。考慮到稅收因素,股市的回報也只有6%~7%左右,因此股市完全沒有吸引力。巴菲特同時也強調如果能夠選出能力超強的管理人(超額收益在4%以上),那麼還是可以投資股票的,但也預期這種管理人只佔管理人總數的1%至2%,強調相信比爾魯安屬於這類管理人。


這種分析股市長期走勢的方法還是滿實用的,最早使用的人應該是格雷厄姆,當然現在在分析利潤增長的時候,可以將其和名義GDP的關係細化。當前社會,投資品種已經多元化,如果預期通貨膨脹大幅上行,則明顯股票和債券都不是很好的投資標的。

 

巴菲特還記錄了一下自己選擇「退休」的個人原因:

 

The Qctober 9th, 1967 letter stated that personal considerationswere the most important factor among those causing me to modify ourobjectives. I experessed a desire to be relieved ofthe(self-imposed) necessity of focusing 100% on BPL. I have flunkedthis test completely during the last eighteen months. The lettersaid:" I hope limited objectives will make for more limitedeffort." It has not worked out that way. As long as I am " onstage",publishing a regular record and assuming responsibility formanagement of what amounts to virtually 100% of the net worth ofmany partners. I will never be able to put sustained effort intoany non-BPL activity.If I am going to participate publicly, I cannot help being competitive. I know I do not want to be totallyoccupied with out-pacing an investment rabbit all my life.,the onlyway to slow down is to stop.


我覺得這個心理描寫是非常真實的,巴菲特在投資方面的投入可能不是常人所能想像的,他取得的成就後面也有很多放棄的東西的。
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