藍籌股票這個說法源於賭場,在賭場當中往往以藍色籌碼為最高的面額籌碼,因此在股票市場上面,就是指市值(MARKET
CAPITALIZATION)最高的股票。市值就是股價乘以所有已發行的股票,在世界的股票市場上,最大市值的股票就是蘋果公司,市值
為$599.34*9.32億股,大概5400億美金,因此現時,蘋果就是藍籌中的藍籌。 The saying of blue chip
originated from the casinos. In the casinos, the highest denomination
chip is usually the chip in blue, therefore, blue chip stocks are stocks
with the highest market capitalization. Market Capitalization is
calculated by Share Price multiplied by all issued shares. As of now,
the highest market capitalized stock is Apple, with an overall market
cap of 540 billion. Therefore, Apple is the blue chip of blue chip.
一般來說藍籌股是一些擁有良好聲譽,運作比較透明,相對一般公司較高的信用度和可靠性,企業比較穩定和歷史比較悠久的公司組成。
這是一個約定俗成的規則。道瓊斯工業平均指數就包含這些公司。包括大家熟悉的可口可樂,卡夫食品,波音,微軟等等。 Broadly speaking,
blue chips stocks are companies that have a good reputation, a
relatively transparent operation, higher level of reliability, stronger
excitability and more solid company fundamentals. The definition of blue
chip is very vague, yet these are the main criteria when people
consider whether a stock is a blue chip or not. The very famous Dow
Jones Industrial Average contains 30 of these companies, Coca Cola,
Kraft, Microsoft etc...
藍籌股還有一個比較少人提及的特性,就是藍籌股普遍流通性比較大,所謂流通性就是能夠買賣的容易度。流通性高的股票主要由於有大量的買家或賣家,所以相對
的擁有權比較分散,持有的人沒有那麼集中,所以買賣的價格也比較分散,每一個價格都有人想賣一部分的股票。因此假如有資金想購入這一些沒有那麼集中的股份
也比較容易,以致每一次價格變動也比較少,因為每一個不同的價格都有一定程度的人放售,價格的波動也較少。如果擁有權相對集中的話,股票持有人的個人買賣
意願就會有更大的影響,因此股票也就波動比較大。 One of the less noted and yet significant
criteria of blue chip stock is higher liquidity. Liquidity is the ease
of share buying and selling. A higher liquidity signifies a large amount
of buyers and sellers, as the ownership is not very concentrated and
the stock ownership is more diverse, the ability and willingness of
selling will be spread-ed across different prices.Therefore, it will be
easier for capital to acquire such shares from the market without making
a huge impact on the price, because there are sellers of the shares at
different price level, therefore price fluctuation is more stable. Vice
Versa, if the stocks ownership is highly consolidated, the sellers
personal preference will have a higher impact on the individual stock.
Therefore the stock will have higher volatility as the selling action is
not as spread-ed.
一個流通性很好的例子就是夏天買聖誕燈與聖誕節買聖誕燈。在夏天買聖誕燈,由於一般地方很少有賣,由於沒有其他參考價格,也不知道有多少消費者購買聖誕
燈,也不知道他們願意付出多少錢來購買,因此不同的店鋪的標價會相差很遠,因此價格波動比較大。在這個情況下,如果我要大量購入聖誕燈,我買入的價錢也會
有大差別有些$150, 有些$300 有些$700
諸如此類。但是如果冬天買聖誕燈,店鋪的供應相對比較多,因此價格波動比較少,由於有其他店鋪的售價作為參考,因此不同店鋪的差價會比較少,在這個情況
下,如果我要大量購入聖誕燈,我買的價錢差距也會比較少,大概$250 到 $400
左右,比起在夏天買聖誕燈就更有機會以接近市價的方式購入,更少機會撿到便宜貨或被詐取金錢。
A good example of liquidity will be buying Christmas lights in winter
and buying Christmas lights in summer. When you are buying Christmas
light in the summer, there are not a lot of places offering it, the
price thus is relatively unstable. As there are no reference to the
price provided by other competitors and the sellers are finding a hard
time assessing the demand for Christmas lights at different prices
therefore, Different shops will likely offer the Christmas lights at
vastly different prices, therefore if I am going to buy a lot of
Christmas lights, my entry price will be vastly different, from as low
as $150 to as high as $700. This exhibits an example of low liquidity.
Whereas in winter, the liquidity of Christmas light is higher, there
will be more supply from sellers, different shops will have supply at
different prices, therefore price is more stable. As there are reference
from other shops, price differentiation between shops will be lower,
from around $250 to $400. In this case, if I am going to purchase a lot
of Christmas lights, my entry price will be very close. Compared with
buying Christmas lights in the winter, I am more likely to buy Christmas
light at the average price rather than the being ripped off and getting
a bargain.
藍籌股票這個說法源於賭場,在賭場當中往往以藍色籌碼為最高的面額籌碼,因此在股票市場上面,就是指市值(MARKET CAPITALIZATION)最高的股票。市值就是股價乘以所有已發行的股票,在世界的股票市場上,最大市值的股票就是蘋果公司,市值為$599.34*9.32億股,大概5400億美金,因此現時,蘋果就是藍籌中的藍籌。 The saying of blue chip originated from the casinos. In the casinos, the highest denomination chip is usually the chip in blue, therefore, blue chip stocks are stocks with the highest market capitalization. Market Capitalization is calculated by Share Price multiplied by all issued shares. As of now, the highest market capitalized stock is Apple, with an overall market cap of 540 billion. Therefore, Apple is the blue chip of blue chip.
一般來說藍籌股是一些擁有良好聲譽,運作比較透明,相對一般公司較高的信用度和可靠性,企業比較穩定和歷史比較悠久的公司組成。 這是一個約定俗成的規則。道瓊斯工業平均指數就包含這些公司。包括大家熟悉的可口可樂,卡夫食品,波音,微軟等等。 Broadly speaking, blue chips stocks are companies that have a good reputation, a relatively transparent operation, higher level of reliability, stronger excitability and more solid company fundamentals. The definition of blue chip is very vague, yet these are the main criteria when people consider whether a stock is a blue chip or not. The very famous Dow Jones Industrial Average contains 30 of these companies, Coca Cola, Kraft, Microsoft etc...
藍籌股還有一個比較少人提及的特性,就是藍籌股普遍流通性比較大,所謂流通性就是能夠買賣的容易度。流通性高的股票主要由於有大量的買家或賣家,所以相對的擁有權比較分散,持有的人沒有那麼集中,所以買賣的價格也比較分散,每一個價格都有人想賣一部分的股票。因此假如有資金想購入這一些沒有那麼集中的股份也比較容易,以致每一次價格變動也比較少,因為每一個不同的價格都有一定程度的人放售,價格的波動也較少。如果擁有權相對集中的話,股票持有人的個人買賣意願就會有更大的影響,因此股票也就波動比較大。 One of the less noted and yet significant criteria of blue chip stock is higher liquidity. Liquidity is the ease of share buying and selling. A higher liquidity signifies a large amount of buyers and sellers, as the ownership is not very concentrated and the stock ownership is more diverse, the ability and willingness of selling will be spread-ed across different prices.Therefore, it will be easier for capital to acquire such shares from the market without making a huge impact on the price, because there are sellers of the shares at different price level, therefore price fluctuation is more stable. Vice Versa, if the stocks ownership is highly consolidated, the sellers personal preference will have a higher impact on the individual stock. Therefore the stock will have higher volatility as the selling action is not as spread-ed.
一個流通性很好的例子就是夏天買聖誕燈與聖誕節買聖誕燈。在夏天買聖誕燈,由於一般地方很少有賣,由於沒有其他參考價格,也不知道有多少消費者購買聖誕燈,也不知道他們願意付出多少錢來購買,因此不同的店鋪的標價會相差很遠,因此價格波動比較大。在這個情況下,如果我要大量購入聖誕燈,我買入的價錢也會有大差別有些$150, 有些$300 有些$700 諸如此類。但是如果冬天買聖誕燈,店鋪的供應相對比較多,因此價格波動比較少,由於有其他店鋪的售價作為參考,因此不同店鋪的差價會比較少,在這個情況下,如果我要大量購入聖誕燈,我買的價錢差距也會比較少,大概$250 到 $400 左右,比起在夏天買聖誕燈就更有機會以接近市價的方式購入,更少機會撿到便宜貨或被詐取金錢。 A good example of liquidity will be buying Christmas lights in winter and buying Christmas lights in summer. When you are buying Christmas light in the summer, there are not a lot of places offering it, the price thus is relatively unstable. As there are no reference to the price provided by other competitors and the sellers are finding a hard time assessing the demand for Christmas lights at different prices therefore, Different shops will likely offer the Christmas lights at vastly different prices, therefore if I am going to buy a lot of Christmas lights, my entry price will be vastly different, from as low as $150 to as high as $700. This exhibits an example of low liquidity. Whereas in winter, the liquidity of Christmas light is higher, there will be more supply from sellers, different shops will have supply at different prices, therefore price is more stable. As there are reference from other shops, price differentiation between shops will be lower, from around $250 to $400. In this case, if I am going to purchase a lot of Christmas lights, my entry price will be very close. Compared with buying Christmas lights in the winter, I am more likely to buy Christmas light at the average price rather than the being ripped off and getting a bargain.
森而兄談及學歷與人生起跑線的問題,很有意思。自古以來,人們僅憑個別因素就對未來作預測、做決策、下定論,乃普遍之舉。故古語有云“讀書不成三大害”,又有“三歲定八十”之說。財演大師看到一只股票的基本面,就大談價值、預測價格、幻想走勢,也正正是這種思維。 這樣的預測與定論有其普遍性,不能說全錯,但實際上錯的範圍還是相當大的,原因是,對一個人而言,其藏於深處的潛能並不容易被察覺,其隨時間發展的際遇更是難以估算,故最終人們又要製造“士別三日,刮目相看”、“人不可貌相”、“英雄莫問出處”等藉口來為自己的錯誤判斷自圓其說。 同樣,一只股票的內在價值也並不容易為人所掌握,大環境變化更非人力所能控制,財演大師tip錯股的機會,與看錯人一樣,是相當大的,也是很正常的。一只股票如果過了一段頗長的時間仍處於虧損,原因只得一個,就是當初決策錯誤。但作為“大師”,因為要維護自己在追隨者心目中的形象,是不能認錯的,於是就要泡製“未學行先學坐”、“有買貴冇買錯”、“越跌越有價值”等歪理來掩飾自己的決策錯誤。 為了“證明”自己正確,財演大師還有常用的一招,就是不停把自己組合裡表現較好的股票拿出來自吹自擂,表現差的,就側側膊當其唔存在。其實,如果其追隨者稍為用腦想想,並不難察覺其間的矛盾:即使是隨機持有二、三十只股票,總會有幾只表現較好,有幾只表現較差,因此,只看表現較好那只,並不足以證明這種揀股方法是對的,否則,若只看表現較差那只,不就能得到剛好相反的證明嗎? 不過,財演大師這一招還是很好用的,因為其大部份追隨者都是不會用腦深入去想的,這其中存在一個心理盲點。 心理學中有專門研究思考和決策的課題,心理學家將人們的精神世界分為兩個系統:第一系統,是無意識感知和認知活動;第二系統,就是思維領域。人們做決策的流程是,首先啟動第一系統得出一個答案,然後第二系統才能介入,審視這個答案。但實際上,很多時第二系統都不會真的介入。 有一個巧妙的心理測試,足以說明這一點,就是那條著名的問題:球拍和球共要US$1.1,球拍比球貴US$1,球的價錢是多少? 這個測試表明,大多數人,包括絕頂聰明的人,都不喜歡深入思考。他們看到這個問題,完全沒經過計算,不加思索就答“US$0.1”。他們從未發錯誤,更不用說找出正確答案。這是人類的普遍行為,人們往往憑強烈的直覺做事,其心理邏輯是:如果感覺正確,那就是正確的。 對於人們快速得出明確的結論,不會停下來想想眼前的證據有無缺陷,是否充分,或者別處是否存在更好的證據,而將當前能獲得的證據視為可靠的、充分的,心理學家Daniel Kahneman給這種心理起了一個貼切的名字:What You See Is All There Is,所見即為全部。
財演大師只反覆談表現好的股票,而把表現不好的藏起來;馬經的“威水版”只把tip中的tips圈出來,而當不中的不存在,其實都是利用了追隨者和讀者What You See Is All There Is這個心理盲點;每過一段時間,就有什麼“少年股神”、“Excel股神”、“美女股神”和“小賭怡情大賭變李嘉誠”等怪胎被捧出來,同樣也是將大眾先入為主、一葉障目、以偏概全、不經大腦思考的心理盲點加以利用而已。
但今天他要說,消息提前泄露是他沒想到的,他本來想先和學術界分享。( This leaked unexpectedly, taking away from the community before presenting in a scientific venue, and without the peer review process engaged before this conference.)
雖然上來前,大會就表示:此前完全不知道他要講的是基因編輯嬰兒!(We didn't know the story that was going to break over the last couple of days when he accepted the invitation to come and speak to us. We didn't know this story beforehand. In fact, he had sent me the slides he was going to show in this session and it did not include any of the work that he is now going to talk about. There was some clinical data, but nothing involving implanted human embryos.)
賀說南方科技大學不知道自己做了啥。反正不管知不知道,他在學校的實驗室已經被封了。
賀建奎口口聲聲說,艾滋病令很多出生嬰兒輸在起跑線,但是請註意非洲感染艾滋病的嬰兒,多數情況都是母親本人是艾滋病陽性。(For unaffected children, born to HIV+ mothers, make up a large percentage of births in South Africa. The risk of being infected by HIV in the first few months of life is many many times higher than other babies. )
而此次基因編輯嬰兒的父母,母親為艾滋病陰性,父親為艾滋病陽性。(The mother was HIV negative. The father was HIV positive with undetectable viral load. Sperm washing was used to prevent transmission.)
回答依然是答非所問:我開始跟一些科學家聊過。我把一些數據,在2017年Cold Spring Harbor還有伯克利的基因剪輯會議上展示過,我收到一些正面負面的評論。當然我還跟美國斯坦福、哈佛最頂級的倫理學專家討論過。我開始臨床測試的時候,還有給美國的教授看過我的知情同意書。有四個人看過知情同意書還覺得沒有問題。